今天給(gei)大家介紹的是——納濾膜(mo)技術在廢(fei)水處理中膜(mo)污染(ran)研究方法,希望(wang)對(dui)廣(guang)大用戶(hu)朋友有所(suo)幫(bang)助。
在納(na)濾(lv)膜(mo)技術深度處理廢水過程(cheng)中,納(na)濾(lv)膜(mo)污(wu)染的(de)研究方(fang)法主要(yao)包括(kuo):①采用模(mo)型(xing)污(wu)染物模(mo)擬(ni)廢水的(de)組成以(yi)深入(ru)探討膜(mo)污(wu)染,②采用各種分析(xi)及(ji)表征手段揭示膜(mo)污(wu)染的(de)特征及(ji)機(ji)理,③采用計(ji)算機(ji)模(mo)擬(ni)對(dui)膜(mo)污(wu)染過程(cheng)進(jin)行分析(xi)及(ji)預(yu)測。
模型污染(ran)物
針對(dui)納濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)深度(du)處理(li)二(er)級生化(hua)出水(shui)產生的(de)(de)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污染(ran)(ran)(ran),國(guo)內外(wai)學者(zhe)多采用(yong)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)物研究污染(ran)(ran)(ran)物與(yu)納濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)之間的(de)(de)相互作用(yong).Mo等(2011)利(li)用(yong)海(hai)(hai)藻酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉與(yu)CaCl2研究了(le)溶液中(zhong)有(you)機(ji)物與(yu)Ca2+離(li)子相互作用(yong)對(dui)納濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)影響,證(zheng)實了(le)Ca2+可以通過架橋作用(yong)和(he)海(hai)(hai)藻酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉聚(ju)合,從而改變進(jin)(jin)水(shui)中(zhong)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)物形(xing)態,加劇膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)程度(du),并且發現Ca2+濃度(du)存在一(yi)個(ge)極限(xian)值(zhi)(zhi)(約3mmol·L-1),當超過這一(yi)極限(xian)值(zhi)(zhi)時,膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)程度(du)減(jian)輕.Zazouli等(2010)研究了(le)海(hai)(hai)藻酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉和(he)腐(fu)殖(zhi)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)2種性質(zhi)不同的(de)(de)有(you)機(ji)物單獨作用(yong)和(he)共同作用(yong)對(dui)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)影響,結(jie)果發現在相同條件下海(hai)(hai)藻酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉引起(qi)的(de)(de)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)遠比(bi)腐(fu)殖(zhi)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)引起(qi)的(de)(de)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)嚴重.選擇(ze)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)物進(jin)(jin)行研究有(you)利(li)于(yu)剖析(xi)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)物與(yu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)之間的(de)(de)關系,揭示膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)特征(zheng)及形(xing)成機(ji)理(li),但是由于(yu)廢(fei)水(shui)成分(fen)非常(chang)復(fu)雜,在實際廢(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)還需進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步驗證(zheng)。具體聯系污水(shui)寶或參見//www.dowater.com更多相關技術文檔。
膜污染分析方(fang)法
目前對(dui)納(na)濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)方法(fa)(fa)主要(yao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為3大(da)類,分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別是(shi)(shi)以通(tong)量下(xia)降直觀表(biao)(biao)(biao)征膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)程(cheng)度(du)(du)、以洗脫液成(cheng)份分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)或污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)物質分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)判(pan)斷膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)份及含(han)量、以污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)征分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)例如SEM、AFM、ART-FTIR等從微觀角度(du)(du)探索(suo)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征及形成(cheng)機(ji)理(Zazoulietal.,2010).Gorzalski等采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)盧瑟(se)福背散射光(guang)(guang)譜(pu)法(fa)(fa)(Rutherfordbackscatteringspectrometry,RBS)對(dui)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)進(jin)行了分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi),RBS可以用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)測量污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)近表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)約2μm處的(de)(de)(de)(de)元素組成(cheng),從而更(geng)有利(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)推斷污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內部結(jie)構,目前常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)方法(fa)(fa)(如XPS、SEM、ATR-FTIR等)則(ze)無法(fa)(fa)達到這種(zhong)效果(GorzalskiandCoronell,2014).常規(gui)拉(la)曼(man)光(guang)(guang)譜(pu)法(fa)(fa)適于(yu)(yu)(yu)對(dui)清(qing)潔膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)特性進(jin)行分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi),但(dan)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物質分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)靈敏度(du)(du)較差,而表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)拉(la)曼(man)光(guang)(guang)譜(pu)法(fa)(fa)可以快速(su)、方便地對(dui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)進(jin)行原位分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi),因(yin)此Lamsal等采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)拉(la)曼(man)光(guang)(guang)譜(pu)法(fa)(fa)對(dui)納(na)濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)處理飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水的(de)(de)(de)(de)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)進(jin)行了分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(Lamsaletal.,2012).李建新(xin)等采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)超聲時域(yu)反射法(fa)(fa)((Ultrasonictimedomainreflectometry,UTDR)在線監測納(na)濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生物污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran),利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)超聲信號的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)來指示膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(李建新(xin),2007).Bass等研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)了一種(zhong)基于(yu)(yu)(yu)ATR-FTIR技(ji)術獲得膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)覆蓋層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa),根據已知膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)表(biao)(biao)(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)學常數(shu)(折射率、消光(guang)(guang)系數(shu)),便可估算(suan)出覆蓋層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)(du),利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)該方法(fa)(fa)可以計算(suan)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)(du)(BassandFrege,2015).開發新(xin)型(xing)可靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)方法(fa)(fa),尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)多種(zhong)物質共同作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)制研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)方法(fa)(fa),是(shi)(shi)納(na)濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)需要(yao)解決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)難題之一。
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